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Page Description Languages PDLs, as they're more often called, are used to describe the layout of a printed page of graphics and text. Two examples are Postscript and HPGL (the Hewlett Packard version). They're used almost exclusively in desktop publishing, most often as the file format sent from the computer to the printer. page makeup, paging see makeup pagination The assignment of page numbers, either manually or electronically, in a document. paragraph indent a specified amount of space left blank at the left in the first line of a paragraph. Pair-kerning Automatically kerning selected pairs of characters when they would otherwise be spaced too close or far apart. Characters that are pair-kerned are specified by the font designer. palette The collection of colors, shades, or patterns that can be selected and displayed on a video screen with the aid of a computer and a graphics program. PANTONE Colors A color system of over 1200 standard colors developed by Pantone, Inc. paste: To transfer the content previously copied to the clipboard (˜) another location in a document, or to another document. This term was adopted from the process of applying glue or wax to paper repro in order to"paste" it to a layout board. PE printer's (typesetter's) error. Photoshop A Macintosh-based software program created by Adobe Systems, Inc. for the manipulation of scanned or raster images for PostScript output. pica A unit of measure equal to 12 points. There are 6 picas per inch. see point, also see Conversion Chart for Inches, Picas, and Points piece fraction a single-character fraction usually available only for a few common fractions, used in non-technical material, e.g., 1/2 pin register The use of accurately positioned holes and special pins used on copy, film, plates and printing presses to insure proper registration and to assure the fit of all elements. pixel The smallest element of an image, and the unit in which its resolution is expressed. The normal resolution of VGA graphics is 640x480 pixels; such a screen has a total of 307,200 pixels. A low resolution 320x200 image has only 64,000 pixels; a high res 1024x768 image has 786,432. plate A light-sensitive piece of material upon which an image can be recorded - usually metal which in turn is fitted to a plate cylinder on an offset press which then transfers its image to a blanket which in turn transfers it to paper. PMS abbreviation for Pantone Matching System. A means of describing colors by assigning them numbers. See also Pantone Colors. point unit of measure used by the print industry. A traditional point is equal to 0.013837" or approximately equal to 1/72". A Postscript point is exactly 1/72" and has virtually replaced the traditional point as the industry standard. see pica, also see Conversion Chart for Inches, Picas, and Points portrait A page whose width is shorter than its height. positive The opposite of a negative - the image on the film is black and the clear areas are white on the original copy. PostScript A page definition language (PDL) developed by Adobe Systems. When a page of text and/or graphics is saved as a PostScript file, the page is stored as a set of instructions specifying the measurements, typefaces, and graphic shapes that make up the page. PPD File PostScript Printer Description file. A file that contains information on screen angle, resolution, page size and device-specific information for a file to be printed on a PostScript device. prepress The preparation work required to turn "camera-ready" artwork into the printing plates needed for mass production, i.e., making negatives, "stripping" or placing the negatives in place, and etching the plates. press proofs In color reproduction, a proof of a color subject on a printing press, using the same color inks and paper stocks on which the final run will be done on. This proof is done prior to the final reproduction and is the only true and predictable way to show proof of what is contained in the litho films. There is no other proof system that takes into account printing aspects such as absorbency of stock, hue of inks, trap and other printing mechanics which occur on a press. primary colors Additive primaries are red, blue and green. The subtractive primaries are cyan, magenta and yellow see additive and subtractive primaries print queue A list of files that have been sent to a particular printer. The list includes the file currently printing and those waiting to be printed. process color (also called four-color process) a means of achieving full color with four inks; yellow, magenta, cyan, and black; each color is separated onto its own negative and a full color effect is created by overlapping these four transparent ink colors. proof any laser print or Xerox copy of repro used for proofing and marking corrections. proofreader's marks internationally known and understood symbols used (with some variations) to mark errors and changes on proofs. proportional font a font in which m, the widest letter, takes up far more space than an i compare with monospace
quadtone A grayscale image reproduced using four spot or process colors to add depth and color. query, QA questions on master proof to editor or author.
ragged text set with an unjustified margin, right, left, or both. raster image, raster file see bitmapped file reader's spread Two sequentially numbered left-right pages of a document placed side-by-side for work of some sort to be carried out. recto right-hand page. registration marks usually a bull's-eye or crosshairs used for perfect positioning of board and overlay, art and screen color negative and black negative. re-screening to scan a printed image and re-output for use in a new document. These re-scan images tend to have severe moiré problems. Since the same basic screens and screen angles are used, it is necessary to slightly enlarge (104% or greater) or reduce (90% or smaller) in order to reduce or eliminate conflicting screen angles causing a moiré pattern. The further use of a sharp or unsharp masking controls may also be necessary. resolution 1. Measure of imager output capability, usually expressed in dots per inch (dpi). retouching The correction or deliberate manipulation of color, tone or detail in an original work of art, photograph or other original which needs correction. reversed (reverse video) white type within a black or dark background. revised master proof second generation of galley or page proofs to be sent to the customer. RIP Raster Image Processor, the hardware/software which converts data which has been stored in a computer into a series of lines of tiny dots which are output on film or photographic paper. In line work, the dots can be grouped to create solid areas. river a streak of white space in printed matter caused when the spaces between words in several successive lines happen to fall one almost below another. roman the opposite of italic; also used as opposite of boldface, but not at GTS. rule straight, thin or thick lines usually measured in points, i.e., 1 pt. rule run around type lines set at varying measures to match the outline of an adjacent figure. run-in text type following head type on the same line. In this Glossary, the definition is run in after the term run-in head. Heading or caption which does not stand apart from the text it heads, but acts as the first part of the text running head (or foot).The line either above text (head) or below it (foot) that reflects the section, part, chapter, or current head, usually aligned with the folio. runover, turnover (1) lines other than the first line in a flush-and-hang paragraph. (2) the continuation of a heading onto a second line.
sample galley/page styled or formatted examples of all typeset elements sent to the customer for approval or changes. sans serif plain, unornamented letters with even line weight. see also serif Scap sentence cap. screen an area printed in dots whose density is therefore some percentage less than 100% color or black. sentence cap same as initial cap serif style of letters which have short lines stemming from the upper and lower ends of the strokes of a letter. script see cursive set line for line set copy with line breaks exactly as shown in manuscript. set solid type set without leading added to that provided by the shoulder of the type itself, e.g., 10/10 or 8/8 etc. shilling slash (/); used in the term shilling fraction. shilling fraction full size fractions (same size as running text) e.g., 3/4. signature A form or portion of a form that is bound and folded individually or in combination with other signatures. sink the amount an element is lowered, usually from the top of type page, but sometimes from the top of text page or trim, depending on customer definition. Sink will be specified as visual or base to base space. slug formerly a term for a blank line, now used mainly to describe a line that will not print but that identifies matter to be inserted. small caps a font of capitals that are approximately x-height, generally used for a.m., p.m., b.c., a.d.; often used for Initial with full caps in display elements. smcaps see small caps solidus slash. spaceband (wordspace) space between words that may be expanded in justification. specs specifications, or written detailed descriptions of how all elements in a book should be typeset and positioned (also called spec tape). spine the backbone of a book, on which is printed the spine copy. spread two facing pages. stacked heads two displays heads (e.g. 1hd and 2hd) appearing together, with no other element or type of any kind between them. stet "let it stand,third-person singular present subjunctive of the Latin "stare," to stand." Used to cancel out some instruction; "disregard this correction." Often dots are used under material to be 'stet'ed. straddle rule an unconnected rule below a table head whose length indicates the extent of that head's application to columns stripping The placing of negatives or positives on a flat material (paper or plastic) in imposition form for platemaking. subscript a character or symbol printed partly below the base line of the text.
superior figure. see superscript superscript a small numeral, fraction, or other character that prints above the x-height of the font. Often used in mathematical notation.
tab alignment an electronic function for alignment of text on tab stops; alignment can be left, right, centered or decimal. tearsheet previously printed book page, usually edited, being used for manuscript. text body of type matter on a page, as opposed to headlines, callouts, or folios. Text File a file containing only letters, digits and symbols. A text file usually consists of characters coded from the ASCII character set. text measure width of text on text page. text page the horizontal and vertical (cap height top line to base bottom line) dimensions of a page of text, excluding running heads or drop folios. text runs in continuous type from previous line, no new paragraph. textface see text thin space one-quarter of an em space three quarter tones A neutral gray area on a reproduction scale located between the midtones and the shadow. thumbnail A miniature copy of a page tiling 1. Reproducing oversize artwork or documents by breaking the image area into parts (called tiles). Adjacent tiles repeat a small portion of the image, and they may contain crop marks as well. The repeated portion of the image (the overlap) and the crop marks aid in reconstructing the overall image from the tiles. tissue overlay A thin, translucent paper placed over artwork (mostly mechanical) for protection; used to indicate color breaks, position of halftones and color separations and areas on color originals which need color correction. Toner A dry ink powder which has been electrically charged. Used in laserprinters, fax machines and copiers. Generally, the image is translated into bit mapped charges of the opposite polarity on a special drum in the printer. The toner is attracted to the charged areas, where it is transferred to paper. The toner is then "set", usually by heat. tracking a process whereby space is added or deleted between letters or words of type. Transparency A film-based positive image that is viewed and reproduced through transmitted light. Trapping The ability to print wet ink film over previously printed ink. Wet trapping is dependent upon several press and paper conditions including hardness and holdout of the paper, tack of the inks, and general condition of the rollers, cylinders and blankets on the press. Dry trapping is printing wet ink over dry ink. Improper trapping will cause color changes. trim any edge of a printed book page-outside, inside (gutter), top, bottom; dimensions of a page, given in inches, e.g., 6 1/2" x 9 1/2" TrueType Fonts T/K Tritone An image reproduced using three colors. see duotone TRUMATCH A color matching system which is based solely on color attributes attainable from CYMK printing as opposed to spot ink colors. Like PMS, an electronic version of the system is a feature of many color painting, drawing, and layout software products. turnovers, t/o, T/O, TOs see runover type block lines of type treated as a solid, unbreakable block. Type 1 Fonts PostScript Bezier outline format fonts with special encryption for compactness and improved quality on low-resolution output devices. type page the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the printed part of a page, including all elements. type shoulders space around certain letters and numbers to take up the same amount of space as ot letters and numbers. type size measurement from top of ascender to bottom of descender. typeface see face typo abbreviation for typographical error; any unintentional mistake on the part of the operator resulting in misspelling or misplacement of type
Under Color Removal, (UCR) Removing excessive densities of cyan, magenta and yellow in neutral shadow areas to allow for more press controllability without plugging up the shadows. Unsharp Mask A masking method done electronically to exaggerate the edges of the images and the difference between light and dark areas or hues to enhance the detail in the final reproduction.
vacuum frame In platemaking and composite film making, a vacuum device for holding stripped materials in exact position while making close contact to a photosensitive material (film or plate) prior to and during exposure. Vector file Bitmapped files describe a picture in terms of pixels, while vector files describe it mathematically in terms of geometry. A line here, a curve here, this area filled with this color, and so on. Vector files can be magnified as much as you like without turning into giant pixels. verso left-hand page. vignette see blend virgule slash. visual space space from descender to ascender of line below or from lowest part of an element to highest part of succeeding element, also called white space, clear space.
Warm Color In printing or color separations, a color which has a reddish or yellowish cast. By using a color print viewing filter set a more desirable color may be selected if a color correction is necessary. weight relative thickness and/or blackness of type characters. white space. see visual space widow a line of less than full measure at the top of a column or page; a line with five characters or less on it. A widow is acceptable when used as a run-in line above an equation in math books. word space space between words, which may be expanded for purposes of justification. wrap type (or wrap around) to set type in a shaped block; to set type so as to conform to the edge of another element, such as placed art. wrap around or run around an illustration or other non-text element on the page. Yellow, Y One of the subtractive primaries the hue of which is used for one of the four color process inks. It reflects red and green light and absorbs blue light.
x-height Traditionally, x-height is the height of the lowercase letter x. It is also the height of the body of lowercase letters in a font, excluding the ascenders and descenders. Some lower-case letters that do not have ascenders or descenders still extend a little bit above or below the x-height as part of their design. The x-height can vary greatly from typeface to typeface at the same point size. see font art |
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subtractive color This theory assumes beginning with a white light source reflecting off a white surface. Subtractive color theory deals with mixing color pigments (ink, toner, paint, etc.) to produce the desired colors. The subtractive primary colors are Cyan, Yellow and Magenta.